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托福考试改错题常考要点及例题分
网上收集 2007/12/5 17:50:51 (406)
一、代词
代词中主要讲解六个问题

(一) 掌握代词的几种格:主格、宾格、所有格
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)

(二) 反身代词
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。
  He killed himself. (他自杀了)
  He killed him. (他杀了他)
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 
    A                 B   
  a series of indicators that could help
             C     
  themselves to predict earthquakes.
    D
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物。

(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the
     A   B      C          D
  Pacific.
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined
                       A  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and
             B
   economic conditions they promised the nation.
   C       D
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important
        A    
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John
   B        C     
  Keats, published the year of her death. 
      D
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell.

(四) Who和which的区别
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人,who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物。
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who
              A            B
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.
   C                  D
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明。

(五) that和which的区别
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it
              A        B
  would affect society could not have been foreseen.
      C              D
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见

(六) 定语从句的特殊省略
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when,way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which。
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly
              A         B  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.
         C      D
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 
  affected the way people in the United States----.
   (A) living and working
   (B) they live and work
   (C) live and work
   (D) to live and to work
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。
二、介词
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。

(一) 介词搭配
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those
    A         B   C     
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.
                D
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal.
A       B     C  D
分析:B错改为be rich in
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the
    A         B      C
  alternation of periods of light and darkness.
             D
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。

(二) 最重要的两个介词

1、介词of 多余或者遗漏
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water.
          A      B  C     D
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has
                 A  B    
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on
      C
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean.
      D
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。

2、介词by
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by,另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States
    A         B      
   can be performed from a justice of the peace.
   C     D
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils
   A                     
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to
     B    C       D
   supply moccasins and field rations.
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with
        A               
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements
        B          C  
  that are often represented at symbols.
              D
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。
三、谓语动词

(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致

①、主谓分割原则
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,
     A    
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.
        B      C      D
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。

②、与后者一致原则
not…but, 强调but后面的名词,
not only…but also

③、与前者一致原则
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is,
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致
例:The athlete, together with his coach and
     A      B  C    
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
         D
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is

④、就近原则
or, either…or, neither…nor,
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