短文题材：天文、地理、科幻、科学、文化、教育、风俗、历史、人物、日常生活

　　体裁：记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文

　　一、 题型：

　　1. 细节题：主要考五个 w 一个 h(when, why, where, what, how)

　　What happened...in this passage? Who was responsible for...? Why did...? Where did accident take place ? How can ...? How many ...? In what way... When will...

　　2. 推理题(infer、implied)

　　What can we infer from the passage? What the passage tell us about? What could possibly have if ... Which of the following is true(not true, mentioned, not mentioned)? What does...say about...? What do we learn from the passage?

　　3. 主题题(main idea)

　　What is possible topic for the passage? What is the passage mainly about? What is a main idea of the passage? What does the passage mainly discuss? What do we learn from the passage? What can be concluded from the passage? What is the best title for the passage?

　　小短文听力之十大黄金原则

　　1、听到什么就选什么

　　90年1月

　　Everywhere we look we see Americans running. They run for every reason anybody could think of. They run for health, for beauty, to lose weight, to feel fit and because it's the thing they love to do. Every year, for example, thousands upon thousands of people run in one race, the Boston Marathon, the best known long distance race in the United States. In recent years, there have been nearly 5,000 official competitors and it takes three whole minutes for the crowd of runners just to cross the starting line. You may have heard the story of the Greek runner Pheidippides. He ran from Marathon to Athens to deliver the news of the great victory 2,500 years ago. No one knows how long it took him to run the distance. But the story tells us that he died of the effort. Today no one will die in a Marathon race. But the effort is still enormous. Someone does come in first in this tiring foot race. But at the finish line we see what this race is about: not being first but finishing. The real victory is not over one's fellow runners but over one's own body. It's a victory of will-power over fatigue. In the Boston marathon each person who crosses that finish line is a winner.

　　14. What's the real victory for the thousands of Marathon runners?

　　A) The victory over one's fellow runners.

　　B) The victory over former winners.

　　C) The victory of will-power over fatigue.

　　D) The victory of one's physical strength.

　　[答案：C]

　　2、顺序原则

　　3、重复原则

　　1997年6月

　　Today, air travel is far safer than driving a car on a busy motorway. But there is a

　　danger that grows every year.From the moment an airplane takes off to the moment it

　　lands, every movement is watched on radar screens. Air traffic controllers tell the pilot

　　exactly when to turn, when to climb and when to come down. The air traffic controllers

　　around a busy airport may handle 1,000 planes a day. Any plane that flies near the

　　airport comes under the orders of the controllers there. Even a small mistake on their

　　part could cause a disaster.

　　Recently such a disaster almost happened. Two large jets were flying towards the

　　airport. One was carrying 69 passengers and had come from Toronto. The other was

　　carrying 176 passengers from Chicago. An air traffic controller noticed on his radar

　　screen that the two planes were too close to each other. He ordered one to turn to the

　　right and to climb. But he made a mistake. He ordered the wrong plane to do this. So,

　　instead of turning away from the second plane, the first plane turned towards it. Fifteen

　　seconds later it flew directly in front of the second plane. They avoided each other by

　　the smallest part of a second. The distance between them was less than that of a large

　　swimming pool. This is an example of the danger that grows every year.

　　11. Which factor can most seriously endanger airplanes according to this passage?

　　A) Crowded air traffic. B) The large size of airplanes.

　　C) Bad weather. D) Mistakes by air traffic controllers.

　　[答案：C]

　　4、解释原则

　　5、转折对比原则

　　2003年1月

　　There are some serious problems in the Biramichi River. The local Chamber of

　　Commerce, which represents the industries in the area, hired me as a consultant to do a

　　one-year study on fishing in the Biramichi River and write a report for them. This is my

　　report.

　　One of the major problems in the Biramichi River, is that the level of the oxygen in

　　the water is too low. Several chemicals have displaced the oxygen. This chemical

　　pollution has two sources: The factories which dump polluted water directly into the

　　river and the local community, which dumps untreated human wastes into the river. The

　　local town government has already spent 2 million dollars on waste water treatment

　　projects. But it would cost another 27 million to complete the projects. It would take at

　　least 15 years for the town to collect enough revenue from taxes to complete these

　　projects. The factories here employed 17 000 people, and in the area where there is very

　　little alternative employment, it is not economically practical to close or relocate the

　　factories. Also, the factories can not afford to finance chemical treatment plants by

　　themselves.

　　Another problem is that the members of the Biramichi fishing cooperative are

　　overfishing. Fishes are caught when they are on the way upstream to lay eggs.

　　Consequently, not enough fish are left to reproduce in large numbers. The members of

　　the cooperative say that they have already reduced their annual catch by 60 percent.

　　However, my study indicates that they took fewer fish because there were fewer fish to

　　catch, not because they were trying to preserve fishes.

　　14. A) There were fewer fish in the river.

　　B) Over-fishing was prohibited.

　　C) The local Chamber of Commerce tried to preserve fishes.

　　D) The local fishing cooperative decided to reduce its catch.

　　[答案：A]

　　6、因果原则

　　7、开头原则

　　8、结尾原则(尾巴原则)

　　9、人名原则

　　1990年1月

　　Everywhere we look we see Americans running. They run for every reason anybody

　　could think of. They run for health, for beauty, to lose weight, to feel fit and because it's

　　the thing they love to do. Every year, for example,thousands upon thousands of people

　　run in one race, the Boston Marathon, the best known long distance race in the United

　　States. In recent years, there have been nearly 5,000 official competitors and it takes

　　three whole minutes for the crowd of runners just to cross the starting line. You may

　　have heard the story of the Greek runner Pheidippides. He ran from Marathon to Athens

　　to deliver the news of the great victory 2,500 years ago. No one knows how long it took

　　him to run the distance. But the story tells us that he died of the effort. Today no one will

　　die in a Marathon ra